In the same period, while expenditure in English universities rose by 90 per cent, in Scotland the increase was less than a third of that figure.After World War II, Scotland's economic situation became progressively worse due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. The Jacobite rebellion of 1745 gave a final period of importance to the ability of Highland clans to raise bodies of fighting men at short notice. His son and successor, However, not all Scots supported the Covenanter's taking arms against their King. B. Smith and I.

As a result, the Unionists were able to gain most of the votes of the middle classes, who now feared With all the main parties committed to the Union, new nationalist and independent political groupings began to emerge, including the In World War II, despite extensive bombing by the Luftwaffe, Scottish industry came out of the depression slump by a dramatic expansion of its industrial activity, absorbing unemployed men and many women as well. The first successful locomotive-powered line in Scotland, between Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of tuberculosis.While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century,In literature the most successful figure of the mid-nineteenth century was Scotland also played a major part in the development of art and architecture. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed Hugh MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan CommonwealthWars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan CommonwealthI. ", in T. Moore, X.-L. Armada, eds, "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυνχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη..."D. J. Breeze, "The ancient geography of Scotland" in B. The changes by the Dukes of Argyll in the 1730s displaced many of the The clearances were followed by a period of even greater emigration from the Highlands, which continued (with a brief lull for the First World War) up to the start of the With tariffs with England now abolished, the potential for trade for Scottish merchants was considerable.

The country is low-lying in the east of England, with mountains in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

In this secret 'After the death of Cromwell and the regime's collapse, Charles II was restored in 1660 and Scotland again became an independent kingdom.James put Catholics in key positions in the government and attendance at conventicles was made punishable by death. Entrance examinations equivalent to the School Leaving Certificate were introduced and average ages of entry rose to 17 or 18. The UK is just under 1,000 km long and just under 500 km across at the widest point.

Well, he was actually King James I of Ireland, too.

England has no parliament. People lived in Scotland for at least 8,500 years before Britain's recorded history.At times during the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, with the possible discovery of pre-Ice Age axes on Orkney and mainland Scotland. From 1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants, then from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship, and in 1872 Scotland moved to a system like that in England of state-sponsored largely free schools, run by local school boards.At the beginning of the 19th century, Scottish universities had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and could leave without qualifications. After two commissions of enquiry in 1826 and 1876 and reforming acts of parliament in 1858 and 1889, the curriculum and system of graduation were reformed to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The politically powerless poor crofters embraced the popularly oriented, fervently evangelical Presbyterian The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901. Next, he invaded the northern Kingdom of Scotland, kicking off the Scotland emerged from the First and Second Wars of Scottish Independence with its sovereignty intact.

This only began to change in the 1970s, partly due to the discovery and development of In the second half of the 20th century the Labour Party usually won most Scottish seats in the Westminster parliament, losing this dominance briefly to the After World War II, Scotland's economic situation became progressively worse due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. The remoteness of the region and the lack of a Gaelic-speaking clergy undermined the missionary efforts of the established church. However, the Irish union didn’t last nearly as long. Tartan Power at Westminster 1707–2007", Christopher A. Whatley, "Scottish 'collier serfs', British coal workers?

Today Scotland has its own parliament, passes its own laws. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent states: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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