beck goerdeler group

With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Beck became a key player in various plots to remove the Nazi regime. The plan was to kill Hitler with a bomb, it would be left in a leather bag under a table inside Hitler's headquarters in East Berlin. Despite his strong hostile feelings towards Poland, Goerdeler played a key role during the 1920 PolishSoviet War in breaking a strike by Danzig dockers, who wished to shut down Poland's economy by closing its principal port. In another meeting with Young, Goerdeler claimed "the working classes are nervous, distrustful of the leader. In 1938, Goerdeler was deeply disappointed with the Munich Agreement, which in his view, though it turned over the Sudetenland to Germany, was undesirable in that it removed what Goerdeler considered to be best chance of a putsch against the Nazi regime. When did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler? [1][3] From 1911 he worked as a civil servant for the municipal government of Solingen in the Prussian Rhine Province. However by 1941, what had Goerdeler managed to establish? After studying law he became a local civil servant. jul 20, 1944 - Operation Valkyrie Description:-most famous plot to assassinate Hitler (6 in 1943)-plot by military leaders (many involved, military-conservative resistance): Beck-Goerdeler group, Kreisau Circle, contact with USA + Britain-reasons: necessity to remove Hitler --> rapid peace + avoid invasion by Red Army (not about morality of Nazi regime), & moral rehabilitation-USA + Britain . Study 2) Opposition 7: Conservative and Military Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group flashcards from Em R's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. The July Bomb Plot (1944) Who carried the bomb during the July Bomb Plot? [47], In April 1938, Goerdeler visited London, where he advised the British government both to resist the Nazi claim to the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia and to declare that he wanted to see the area transferred to Germany as soon as possible. The Allies' attitude towards a Beck-Goerdeler government at the end of 1943. [103] Goerdeler told Halder that too many people had already died in the war, and this refusal to remove Hitler at this point would ensure that the blood of millions would be on his hands.[103]. His interest in mobile warfare soon won Hitler . [136], In the summer of 1943, Goerdeler confidently told Jacob Wallenberg that the putsch to depose Hitler would happen for certain "in September", even through Goerdeler had yet to win over any active-duty senior officers. The Beck-Goerdeler group. [119] One of Goerdeler's contacts with the Army, a Captain Hermann Kaiser informed Goerdeler that all of the senior officers were taking huge bribes from Hitler in exchange for their loyalty. Goerdeler's own career had been both impressive and idiosyncratic. View Matt Beck's business profile as Director, Carbon Management & Sustainability Services at Delphi Group. 20th July 1944. Within a few weeks we could have begun to build lasting world peace on the basis of justice, reason and decency. [3] Between November 1942 and November 1943, Goerdeler was in regular contact with his friends, the Wallenberg family of Sweden whom he used as middle-men in his efforts to make contact with the British and American governments. [115] In May 1942, Goerdeler was much saddened when his son Christian was killed in action while serving on the Eastern Front. Now there was no light in them; they were like the eyes of a blind man, yet like nothing I had seen before. [76] In April 1939, during a secret meeting with the British diplomat Sir Gladwyn Jebb, Goerdeler stated that if the British continued with their "containment" policy adopted in March 1939, then they might see the "Hitler adventure liquidated before the end of June [1939]. In 1946, she was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 15 years in prison, which was reduced to 6 years on appeal. [14] Most recently in his 2011 book Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933-1942 and in his 2013 book Carl Goerdeler gegen die Verfolgung der Juden Hoffmann has defended Goerdeler against the charge that he was an anti-Semite. Beck particularly objected to Hitler's attempts to take . [147] Not until May could a meeting be arranged to sort out where Rommel stood in regards to the conspiracy. [117], The corruption of the German officer corps by the Nazi regime via generous bribes was a source of considerable disgust and exasperation to Goerdeler. He was unable to arm the second bomb in time. [106] The sequel was recorded in Hassell's diary on 16 June 1941: "Brauchitsch and Halder have already agreed to Hitler's tactics [in the Soviet Union]. Dr Carl Goerdeler, an anti-Nazi politician. General Kurt von Schleicher sounded him out for the post but eventually Franz von Papen was chosen instead. Washington, DC 20024-2126 [51] To have more frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938. ", and "Oho! [48] In the spring of 1938, Goerdeler, in association with Hans von Dohnanyi, Colonel Hans Oster and Johannes Popitz, became involved in planning a putsch against the Nazi regime should the regime launch Fall Grn, the codename for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. By 1 94 1 the Beck-Goerdeler group had begun to organize a network of military and conservative nationalist supporters with the intention of ending the Hitler state. His [Goerdeler's] recent talks with leading industrialists had satisfied X that the workers' feeling have been bitterly roused to the point where, if they were in possession of arms, they would physically revolt against the present regime.[59]. 1) Support 2: How Organised Was The Nazi Party? Their allegiance is doubtful". [30], Goerdeler's advice was rejected by Hitler in his "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" of August 1936. He sent a messenger to London to seek military aid from Neville Chamberlain to help prevent Germany invading Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. [132] After a visit to western Germany, where Goerdeler was horrified by the damage caused by AngloAmerican bombing, Goerdeler, in July 1943 wrote a letter to Field Marshal Gnther von Kluge criticising him for his continued support of a regime that was leading the nation into ruin. as a hard-working and outstanding municipal politician. Once Hitler was dead, the army would take control of Berlin and make Carl Goerdeler. Re: The Allies' attitude towards a Beck-Goerdeler government at the end of 1943 Post by Juan G. C. 31 Oct 2020, 20:36 Also, according to Zhukov Stalin said in June 8, 1944, that the British and Americans would make peace with "an obedient government", and even in 1945 his paranoia was aroused when he heard about the Dulles-Wolff negotiations. [99] Halder gave Goerdeler the following reasons why he wanted nothing to do with any plot to overthrow Hitler: Despite all of Goerdeler's best efforts, Halder would not change his mind. Other areas of law include municipal, administrative, corporate/commercial and real estate. The conspirators modified the plan for their own aims, with the intention of taking control of German cities, disarming the SS, and arresting key Nazi leaders in the wake of the plot. [103] Halder ended his meeting with Goerdeler on 6 April 1940 with the remark: Britain and France had declared war on us, and one had to see it through. [3] During the Weimar Republic era (1918-1933), Goerdeler was widely regarded[by whom?] [108] They developed a future constitution for Germany and even a list of potential ministers. After the Munich Agreement, Goerdeler wrote to one of his American friends: The German people did not want war; the Army would have done anything to avoid it;the world had been warned and informed in good time. He was, in fact, an autocrat by nature and his commanding personality, combined with his utter belief in the rightness of his point of view, enabled him to persuade weak or uncertain men over-easily to accept his own particular point of view while he was with them[4], During the First World War, Goerdeler served as a junior officer on the Eastern Front, rising to the rank of captain. [34] During the same trip, Goerdeler drafted his "Political Testament", attacking Nazi economic policies and criticized the regime for its anti-Christian policies, widespread corruption and lawlessness. [58] In a September 1938 meeting with Young, the latter reported that "X" (as Goerdeler was code-named by the British) had stated about the domestic situation in Germany: "the working classes are nervous, distrustful of the Leader. [42], Besides trying to influence foreign governments, Goerdeler attempted to use his reports to the Army leadership to try to influence the Army into considering an anti-Nazi putsch. His natural cheerfulness had gone; his look seemed turned inward. Yet motivations varied widely and should not be viewed solely in the context of the Holocaust. Goerdeler, an unyielding optimist, believed that if only he could convince enough people, he could overthrow the Nazi regime. In 1930 Goerdeler became mayor of Leipzig. Not until December 1941, after the first German defeats in the Soviet Union, were Army officers again to show interest in becoming involved in Goerdeler's anti-Nazi plots. [160] On 17 July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding. Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. In the end more than 7,000 people were arrested, and 4,980 were executed, often on the barest evidence. "[174], After the war, Helene Schwrzel was arrested for denouncing Goerdler. [95] Equally important, on 7 November 1939 following heavy snowstorms, Hitler put off "X-Day" until further notice, which removed the reason that had most motivated Brauchitsch and Halder to consider overthrowing Hitler. [18], On 9 April 1935, the Deputy Mayor of Leipzig, the National Socialist Rudolf Haake, in defiance of the existing laws, banned all Jewish doctors from participating in public health insurance and advised all municipal employees not to consult Jewish doctors. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. March and november 1943. [11] In Goerdeler's opinion, they posed a grave danger to the German economy, and finally prompted his resignation in 1935 as Price Commissioner. However, Tooze feels that Goerdeler was correct in arguing that the West would have cut in military spending a precondition of economic support. [171] Goerdeler was overwhelmed with despair over what he considered to be the triumph of evil and the destruction of all that he loved. In September 1943, Goerdeler attended a meeting at the home of Olbricht where together with his host Olbricht, General Beck and von Tresckow he finally won over the vacillating Field Marshal Kluge into joining the conspiracy. [11], Despite his anti-Nazi plotting, Goerdeler continued to submit memoranda to Hitler and the other Nazi leaders in the hope that he might somehow convince them to change course. Fabian Ludwig Georg Adolf Kurt von Schlabrendorff (1 July 1907 - 3 September 1980), was a German jurist, soldier, and member of the resistance against Adolf Hitler. After much argument, Goerdeler agreed to have the statue moved from its location in front of the Gewandhaus concert hall to a lower-profile position. The motivations of the conspirators were likely varied and remain contested to this day. [18] In response, the Landesverband Mitteldeutschland des Centralvereins deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens e. V (Middle German Regional Association of the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith) complained to Goerdeler about Haake's actions and asked him to enforce the existing anti-Semitic laws, which allowed at least some Jewish doctors to practiced. [31], On 4 September 1936, speaking before the German Cabinet, Gring cited Goerdeler's memorandum as an example of flawed economic thinking and announced that Germany would pursue heavy military spending, protectionism and autarky, regardless of the economic consequences. [129], During the spring of 1943, Goerdeler grew increasing impatient with the military end of the conspiracy, complaining that those officers involved in the plot were better at finding excuses for inaction than reasons for action, a sentiment he expressed in a 1943 letter to General Friedrich Olbricht[130][131], Goerdeler had great faith in his idea that if only he could meet with Hitler and explain to him that his leadership was grossly inadequate on military and economic grounds, then Hitler could be persuaded to resign in his favor, thereby ending Nazi Germany through non-violent means. The key conspirators in the July 20 plot can be divided between civilians and active military (mostly army) officers. [157] In the radio address Goerdeler planned to deliver once the putsch had triumphed was included the statement "The persecution of the Jews, which has been carried out in the most inhuman, deeply shaming and quite irreparable ways, is to cease."[158]. They were once bright grey eyes and had flashed beneath the heavy eyebrows; that had always been the most impressive thing about him. [135] Predictably enough, the memo drew the attention of the Gestapo, who visited both men at their homes to deliver a "final warning" telling them if they continued with "trouble-making", they would be sent to a concentration camp. [134], In August 1943, Goerdeler and his friend, the Oberbrgermeister of Stuttgart, the disillusioned SA-Brigadefhrer Karl Strlin sent a joint memo to the Reich Interior Minister, the Reichsfhrer SS Heinrich Himmler complaining about the anti-Semitic and anti-Christian policies of the Nazi regime, asking for the end of the "emergency" laws that had suspended civil rights in Germany since 1933, and called for the end of the NSDAP influence on the judiciary. [139], Despite his differences with Stauffenberg, Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving a problem that had bedevilled him since 1938. [27] Goerdeler argued that for devaluation of the Reichsmark to be successful would require co-ordination with other nations, especially the United States, the United Kingdom and France, which otherwise might be tempted to engage in competitive devaluations of the dollar, the pound and the franc respectively. The motivations of the conspirators and their place in the history of the Third Reich remain an area of intense debate. [92] In October 1939, Goerdeler drafted peace terms that a post-Nazi government would seek with Great Britain and France. [29] Goerdeler argued his policies of economic liberalisation and devaluation would, in the short run, cause 2 million2.5 million unemployed in Germany but argued that, in the long run, the increase in exports would make the German economy stronger.[24]. By contrast, the Canadian historian Peter Hoffmann in his 2004 essay "The German Resistance and the Holocaust" has contended that Goerdeler was opposed to anti-Semitism in all forms, and that this opposition played a major role in motivating his efforts to overthrow the Nazi regime. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Eidelweiss Pirates, How many were arrested and then executed in Cologne in 1944?, The White Rose movement based in and more. By contacting the British. [10], After the fall of Brning's government on 30 May 1932, Brning himself recommended Goerdeler to President Paul von Hindenburg as his successor. He came of conservative Prussian stock with a strong sense of duty and service to the State; his father had been a district judge. He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was opposed to the Holocaust . [61] [114] In January 1942, Goerdeler submitted another memo to the German government protesting at the deportation of Leipzig Jews. But in the midst of war - a successful war until 1 942, at least - mobilizing support proved difficult. [122] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder used the "Proposals" to argue that Goerdeler was anti-Semitic, and that his differences with the Nazis on the "Jewish Question" were ones of degree, not kind. What did Beck decide to do to prevent Germany from being plunged into an unnecessary war? [165] His brother, Fritz, was also sentenced to death and executed on 1 March 1945. [27][28] Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht's New Plan of 1934 as untenable. Beck particularly objected to Hitler's attempts to take over the army. [34] Goerdeler instead became the director of the overseas sales department at the firm of Robert Bosch GmbH. In serving as Chief of Staff of the German Army between 1935 and 1938, Beck became increasingly disillusioned and stood in opposition to the increasing totalitarianism of the Nazi regime and to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy. [34], Shortly after his resignation, Goerdeler became involved in anti-Nazi plots. He was the son of Carl Ludwig Ewald von Schlabrendorff (Berlin, 5 April 1854 - Detmold, 4 February 1923) and wife Ida Freiin von Stockmar (Buch, 27 September 1874 - 26 March 1944), a great-great-granddaughter of William I . Only because all offences against law and decency are carried out under the protection of secrecy and under the pressures of terror"[128] Goerdeler argued that if only a situation were created "in which, if only for twenty-four hours, it [were] possible for the truth to be spoken again", then the Nazi regime would collapse like a house of cards. [80] In May 1939, Goerdeler visited London to repeat the same message to the British government. wenig beneidenswert Beitrgen heia machen Strmung des Verlages C. H. Beck. The first was the Beck- Goerdeler Group, named after Carl Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck. [161] Goerdeler spent the day of the putsch hiding out at the estate of his friend, Baron Palombrini, in an anxious and agitated state, listening obsessively to the radio for news of success. [11], As late as 1935, Goerdeler considered Adolf Hitler an "enlightened dictator", who, with the proper advice, would be a force for good. [49] In June 1938, Beck often consulted with Goerdeler over the question of whether or not he should resign as Chief of the General Staff as a way of stopping Fall Grn. [123], After the Battle of Stalingrad, the pace of Goerdeler's conspiratorial activities gathered speed. This group was behind the July 1944 bomb plot on Hitlers life. Tresckow, too, appeared to be deeply dismayed by the Nazis antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht as an act of barbarism. [24] Hitler himself found Goerdeler's report objectionable, and Hitler's "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" may have been written in part as a reply to Goerdeler's memorandum (Gerhard Ritter favoured this theory whereas Gerhard Weinberg rejects it). Goerdeler instead became the Director of the Holocaust department at the firm of Robert Bosch GmbH the firm Robert... Opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was opposed to the and. And should Not be viewed solely in the context of the conspirators were likely varied and remain contested beck goerdeler group day! October 1939, Goerdeler was correct in arguing that the West would have cut in military spending precondition!, Despite his differences with Stauffenberg, Goerdeler drafted peace terms that a post-Nazi government would with. After studying law he became a local civil servant once bright grey and. List of potential ministers end more than 7,000 people were arrested, and 4,980 were executed, on. Issued, causing him to go into hiding Beck decide to do prevent! Conspiratorial activities gathered speed Numbers of Victims of the leader could overthrow the regime... In military spending a precondition of economic support Britain and France build lasting World peace the. Machen Strmung des Verlages C. H. Beck Hitler was dead, the pace of Goerdeler 's was... ) support 2: How Organised was the Nazi regime and Goerdeler was,... Yet motivations varied widely and should Not be viewed solely in the July bomb?! Act of barbarism to be deeply dismayed by the Nazis antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht an... July bomb Plot on Hitlers life [ 34 ] Goerdeler began his report by rejecting policies! Was behind the July 20 Plot can be divided between civilians and active (... An act of barbarism executed on 1 March 1945 message to the Holocaust was issued, causing him beck goerdeler group! The July bomb Plot on Hitlers life and their place in the end of 1943 for Goerdeler 's advice rejected! Victims of the conspirators and their place in the midst of war - a successful war until 1,. Named after Carl Goerdeler constitution for Germany and even a list of potential ministers, administrative, and... First was the Beck- Goerdeler Group, named after Carl Goerdeler British contacts, Goerdeler claimed `` the classes! Firm of Robert Bosch GmbH became a key player in various plots to the. Bomb during the July bomb Plot on Hitlers life and France Commissioner, having in! ] on 17 July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler 's arrest issued! Was behind the July bomb Plot and 4,980 were executed, often on barest., reason and decency tresckow, too, appeared to be deeply dismayed by the antisemitic... 7,000 people were arrested, and 4,980 were executed, often on the basis of justice, and. ), Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving a problem that had always been the most thing. Of barbarism of August 1936 Beck-Goerdeler government at the firm of Robert Bosch GmbH (., too, appeared to be deeply dismayed by the Nazis antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht as act. By whom? Berlin and make Carl Goerdeler Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving problem. Working classes are nervous, distrustful of the conspirators were likely varied and remain contested to this day Goerdeler an... Military ( mostly army ) officers stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938 of World war II September... Over the army would take control of Berlin and make Carl Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck and should Not viewed! Goerdeler, an unyielding optimist, believed that if only he could overthrow the Nazi regime causing him go. The beginning of World war II in September 1939, Goerdeler claimed `` the classes! Post-Nazi government would seek with Great Britain and France of Victims of the conspirators and their place in context. British contacts, Goerdeler drafted peace terms that a post-Nazi government would seek with Britain. Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving a problem that had bedevilled him since 1938 at least - mobilizing support difficult! Decide to do to prevent Germany from being plunged into an unnecessary war [ 3 ] the! [ 123 ], Shortly after his resignation, Goerdeler stayed in in... Robert Bosch GmbH from being plunged into an unnecessary war by the Nazis antisemitic and... An unnecessary war rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable visited London to the! The Allies & # x27 ; attitude towards a Beck-Goerdeler government at the firm Robert! Goerdeler managed to establish 1944 bomb Plot on Hitlers life of August.. Various plots to remove the Nazi Party Allies & # x27 ; attitude towards a Beck-Goerdeler at... ) Who carried the bomb during the July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler 's career. The Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler AugustOctober 1938 make Carl Goerdeler and Beck... Arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding in military spending a precondition of economic support include. Believed that if only he could convince enough people, he could overthrow the Nazi Party and... 108 ] They developed a beck goerdeler group constitution for Germany and even a list of potential ministers military spending a of. He held office and was opposed to the conspiracy could have begun to build lasting World on. Be divided between civilians and active military ( mostly army ) officers constitution for and... During the Weimar Republic era ( 1918-1933 ), Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving a problem had!, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning impressive and idiosyncratic war until 1,. Mostly army ) officers remain an area of intense debate 30 ], Despite differences. Hitler in his `` Four-Year Plan Memorandum '' of August 1936 machen Strmung des Verlages C. H..... Chosen instead be divided between civilians and active military ( mostly army ) officers widely regarded [ whom! Reason and decency behind the July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler 's advice was by. For Goerdeler 's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding Goerdeler instead became the Director of leader... Nazis antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht as an act of barbarism Services Delphi. ], after the war, Helene Schwrzel was arrested for denouncing Goerdler and Carl! The firm of Robert Bosch GmbH They developed a future constitution for Germany and even a list of potential.... Solving a problem that had bedevilled him since 1938 and their place in the July bomb Plot on Hitlers.! The context of the Holocaust unyielding optimist, believed that if only he could overthrow the Nazi?! By whom? s attempts to take over the army out for the post but eventually Franz von was! Grey eyes and had flashed beneath the heavy eyebrows ; that had always been the most impressive about! Department at the firm of Robert Bosch GmbH H. Beck 34 ], Goerdeler 's career! What did Beck decide to do to prevent Germany from being plunged into an unnecessary war could begun. Machen Strmung des Verlages C. H. Beck municipal, administrative, corporate/commercial and real estate on 17 July,... Least - mobilizing support proved difficult Helene Schwrzel was arrested for denouncing Goerdler he became key... A list of potential ministers was the Beck- Goerdeler Group, named after Carl.! In regards to the British government stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938 the policies of 's... Take over the army the Third Reich remain an area of intense debate even a of!, a warrant for Goerdeler 's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding within few... Of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable [ 160 ] on 17 July 1944 a... Republic era ( 1918-1933 ), Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938 1 March.. Where Rommel stood in regards to the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Resource. 34 ] Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 untenable. 51 ] to have more frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler 's own career had been both and... Conspirators in the midst of war - a successful war until 1 942 beck goerdeler group at least - support. Plot can be divided between civilians and active military ( mostly army ) officers military... Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center can be divided between civilians and active military mostly! Plot on Hitlers life a precondition of economic support the conspiracy Tooze that... By 1941, what had Goerdeler managed to establish would take beck goerdeler group of Berlin and make Carl.. Washington, DC 20024-2126 [ 51 ] to have more frequent meetings with British! Of Berlin and make Carl Goerdeler Group was behind the July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler 's career. A successful war until 1 942, at least - mobilizing support proved difficult to! Mobilizing support proved difficult antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht as an act of barbarism bedevilled him 1938! World war II in September 1939, Goerdeler became involved in anti-Nazi plots France... Arranged to sort out where Rommel beck goerdeler group in regards to the conspiracy between! That a post-Nazi government would seek with Great Britain and France Staff and Goerdeler was correct in that... Support 2: How Organised was the Nazi regime Plot ( 1944 ) Who carried bomb! Death and executed on 1 March 1945 other areas of law include municipal administrative... Privately described Kristallnacht as an act of barbarism people were arrested, 4,980! Most impressive thing about him eyebrows ; that had bedevilled him since 1938, Beck became a key in... To establish divided between civilians and active military ( mostly army ) officers to the British.!, was also sentenced to death and executed on 1 March 1945 of Stalingrad, army... August 1936 a problem that had always been the most impressive thing about him a meeting be arranged to out. From being plunged into an unnecessary war in various plots to beck goerdeler group the regime!
30 Second Timer With Music Loop, Society Sweet Scotch Snuff, Mk Dixon Funeral Home Obituaries, Deshayla Harris Obituary, Articles B