Pistachios are an excellent source of protein, antioxidants, and fiber. Nuts and seeds contain potassium and phosphorus. These types of dialysis can remove more potassium, so you may need to eat more potassium foods. 6 /13. Pistachios are a very nutritious food. Your care team may give you some tips as well. Sprinkle with lemon zest. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. If you notice any of these symptoms after your dog has eaten pistachios, contact your veterinarian. Vitamin B6. People who suspect they have a nut intolerance should speak to a healthcare professional before introducing nuts to their diet. Both have, Pistachios are bursting with the fiber, minerals, and unsaturated fat that can help keep your, Although raw pistachios dont have much sodium (1 cup has about 1 milligram), thats not true for roasted pistachios, which are often salted. What kind of nuts are good for kidneys? Here are a few tips that you can try so that you can enjoy its health benefits while supporting your kidney health: You May Like: What Happens When Your Kidney Function Is 15, HealthyKidneyClub.com is a one-stop resource for everything you need to know about kidneys. Canned vegetables (rinse well, or try frozen instead) Condiments, like ketchup, mustard, soy sauce, and salad dressings. Healthy eating patterns referred to diets that included fruits and vegetables, fish, legumes, whole grains and high-fiber foods, while also limiting red meat, sodium and refined sugar intake. Healthy fats present in pistachios help in reducing blood pressure in the body. They are much lower in phosphorus than popular nuts like peanuts and almonds. Potassium and phosphorus can be a concern for nuts and seeds. If you have a history of calcium oxalate stones, talk with your doctor or kidney dietitian about the need to limit oxalates. To stay safe, eat unsalted pistachios in moderatation and avoid salted pistachios. Pistachios are a good source of antioxidants which help to protect the kidneys from damage. Pecans and a Kidney-Friendly Diet Pecans may be beneficial for people with kidney disease who also have heart disease. They can lower your chances forcardiovascular disease.. The owner of this website is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon properties including, but not limited to, amazon.com, endless.com, myhabit.com, smallparts.com, or amazonwireless.com. The salt present in the pistachios may cause dehydration, a major trigger for headaches. Dogs should never eat mushrooms, even if they are safe to eat for people. Go nuts to lower your heart risk., Harvard T.H. When you have chronic kidney disease , whether youre in the early stages;or on dialysis, it doesnt mean you have to forego snacks. Yes, you could have some nuts depending on which one, so I got a little research here to crunch on this fresh look at nuts for renal nutrition. Learn the difference between vegans and vegetarians here. However, not everyone with kidney stones needs to avoid oxalate. People who have their kidneys shrunk due to the disease can use pistachios to solve their problems. But whether youre a regimented eater or a constant grazer, at some point, youre likely to eat a snack. If you have a kidney stone other than calcium oxalate, avoiding oxalate will not reduce your risk of kidney stones. Foods with seasoning packets (like ramen noodles, mac and cheese, flavored rice, or pasta side dishes) and "Helper" foods. All rights reserved. As for kidney disease prevention, Better Health Channel recommends healthy lifestyle changes that include eating lots of fruit and vegetables, as well as grain-based food, such as bread and rice, consuming lean meats every week, cutting down on salty or fatty foods, drinking plenty of water, staying fit, limiting alcohol and avoiding stress. 1/2 cup serving green cabbage = 6 mg sodium, 60 mg potassium, 9 mg phosphorus. However, overconsuming pistachios may keep you awake at night making it difficult to sleep. Hypertension or high blood pressure is a common health condition that affects millions around the world and is a leading cause of cardiovascular problems. In one place, Is Almond Good or Bad for Kidneys | Kidney Treatment Without Dialysis, ? One of the main symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning is loss of appetite and yellowing of the eyes (jaundice . What is the nutritional value of pistachios? All dialysis and transplant centers have a dietitian who can help you plan your meals. The fact that they are high in antioxidants may also help to protect against heart disease. Theyre called nuts, but botanicallypistachios are seeds. Beans, lentils. The amount of phosphorus you may have will depend on your blood phosphorus level. American pistachios contain melatonin, an essential sleep hormone that regulates the sleep cycle. Terms of Use /
Too much salt or sodium alters the delicate balance and causes your kidneys to have reduced function. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Many nuts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. They also contain phytochemicals that have been shown to support kidney function.One study showed that eating pistachios daily can help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. But if you have calcium oxalate stones, which are the most common type, your doctor may tell you to avoid or limit foods high in oxalates: Nuts, including almonds, cashews, pistachios, and peanuts. For people trying to avoid kidney stones, the bad news is that almonds are very high in oxalate, . What nuts are good for kidneys? Also, pistachios are often salted to make them delicious. Antioxidant-rich foods such as dark, leafy vegetables, red berries, blueberries, sweet potatoes, grapes . High potassium levels may increase the risk of nausea, weakness, slow pulse, irregular heartbeat, heart failure, dehydration, type-1 diabetes, Addisons disease, and internal bleeding.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'goodhealthall_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_9',637,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-goodhealthall_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); Pistachios contain a moderate amount of oxalates and methionine. Subscribe /
Protein and potassium in almonds are also good for the heart. The information contained in the post is for general purpose only and shouldnt be considered as medical advice or as an alternative to medical advice. Eating Too Many pistachios can cause pistachios side effects. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition, consult your health care professional before using products based on this content. Before we talk about the role of protein for kidney, let us understand proteins first. Other nuts containing at least 40% of the RDI per 1/2-cup include cashews, almonds, pine nuts and pistachios . Excess carbohydrate in the body results in a high blood sugar level. Secondly, what foods help repair kidneys? Can cashew nuts cause kidney stones? Abusing the Salt Shaker. Learn more about the pros and cons of BMI measurements here. Theyre called nuts, but botanicallypistachios are seeds. ? A renal dietitian has special training in counseling people with kidney failure. Are Citrus Fruits Bad For The Kidneys Potassium can build up in the blood in people with kidney failure. And, protein wastes can be hard on weak kidneys. They also help prevent inflammation and are rich in antioxidants. If your physician encourages you to increase your calorie;intake, your renal dietitian;will discuss the best snack choices for you. We include products we think are useful for our readers. But if you want to taste one, youll have to crack open its hard shell first. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Nuts: Nuts contain high levels of phosphorus including almonds, cashews, walnuts, peanuts, and pistachios. Their fiber andproteincan make you feel fuller for longer. If so, you may have: A 1-ounce serving of pistachios, which is about 49 kernels, has about 159 calories and: Pistachios arecholesterol-free and a great source ofvitaminsandminerals, including: They also pack quite a punch ofpotassium. 9 health benefits of cashews. Today, we'll be taking a deeper dive into whether or not meal replacement shakes are bad for your kidneys. Unprocessed plant foods like beans and nuts tend to have less protein in them compared to meat. There are some ways your kidney-friendly diet and diabetic diet can work together. But too much manganese may cause headaches, tremors, loss of appetite, leg cramps, hallucination, and neurological disorders. Learn more about the different types of fat here. Because peanuts are infected with a type of mold Aspergillus flavus, it produces aflatoxin. 1. Diets high in salt are high in sodium, which can increase blood pressure and, in turn, harm your kidneys. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29049303/, https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basics/ced/index.html, https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/caring-for-your-eyes/diet-and-nutrition?sso=y, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180342/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30747609/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29258268, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890834/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809855/, https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/monounsaturated-fats, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947760/, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170178/nutrients, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170184/nutrients, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1100543/nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/7/2155/htm, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/. below the healthy range and cause lightheadedness, feeling sick, blurred vision, confusion, general weakness, and fainting, etc. Are pistachios bad for kidney stones? The shelf life of pistachios is about 1-2 years. Which Nuts are Bad for Cholesterol. They are native to Asia but are now produced and consumed in many parts of the world. This is beneficial for bones and teeth, however, too much calcium can lead to hypercalcemia and associated symptoms such as confusion, constipation, excessive thirst and urination, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Pistachios are a type of tree nut with numerous health benefits. This video is about the best nuts for kidney disease and yes Im talking about nuts and kidney disease because the old way of thinking the outdated way I think is nuts arent good for kidney disease. "Seeds have mostly healthy fats, some fiber, and about 150 calories per ounce. Your doctor may ask you to follow a moderate protein diet. Pistachios are one of the lowest-calorie nuts, which means people can enjoy the health benefits of nuts while more easily staying within their daily calorie limits. Pistachios will stay fresh (shelled or in shell) for up to a year in a refrigerator or for up to 3 years in the freezer. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'goodhealthall_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_18',640,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-goodhealthall_com-narrow-sky-2-0'); The laxative properties of dietary fibers in pistachios improve bowel movement and relieve constipation and other digestive problems like abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and flatulence, etc. Advanced Acacia /
Selenium is especially valuable to those with liver disease because . All Rights Reserved. A high creatinine level in the blood can indicate renal disease. Eating 100 grams of pistachios provides 562 calories of energy and fulfills over 25 percent of the daily calorie requirement of the body. Protein needs are also different based on your medical and nutrition history. They are responsible for filtering waste products, releasing hormones that regulate blood pressure, balancing fluids in the body, producing urine, and many other essential tasks . Pistachios are also a good source of antioxidants which can help protect the kidneys from oxidative stress.If you have kidney disease you may need to limit your intake of pistachios. Pistachios release energy slowly, which makes them the ideal snack to have before working out. This can easily take up your daily recommended potassium intake. Daily consumption of walnuts may provide some cardiovascular benefits. Nutrients are substances found in food that your body needs to function and maintain healthfor example, water, sodium, protein, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins, and other minerals. Find a kidney dietitian . Most people with CKD or a kidney transplant do not have to limit nuts and seeds due to potassium or phosphorus. Pistachios also boast a higher ratio of essential amino acids, the building blocks of protein, than other nuts, including almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, and walnuts. Food is not just the fuel that makes your body run. Pat beans dry. Yes, eating too many pistachios may upset our stomach as the dietary fibers in pistachios may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and stomach discomfort. Pistachios are the highest in potassium. This summer, we want to make a difference for yourself or someone you love who struggles with kidney disease and enjoy this Triple Berry kidney-friendly smoothie recipe with multi-benefits. Fructan present in the pistachios may cause allergic reactions to some individuals and give rise to gastrointestinal problems like bloating, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and abdominal pain, etc. Learn the difference between prebiotics and probiotics here. Some frequently asked questions about eating pistachios are as follows: Generally speaking, its safe to eat a handful or up to 1.5-ounce pistachios per day. Among the possible health benefits of pistachios: High levels of unsaturated fatty acids and potassium. Learn more about the Mediterranean diet here. Here are some foods good for kidney health: To change things up, you can also snack on other options not found in the produce section. If you dont have a phosphorus issue you might want to have other nuts but if you want to stay on that safe side these five nuts are hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts, pecans, and walnuts. A couple of lower potassium choices include green peas with 88 mg and garbanzo beans with 173 mg in 1/2 cup. Yes, you could have some nuts depending on which one, so I got a little research here to crunch on this fresh look at nuts for, They broke down nuts they talked about nuts and why you should consider having a small portion with a kidney disease diet as theyre good for everybody theyre good for diabetics because they dont raise blood sugar theyre good for kidney autoimmune diseases theyre good for blood pressure you want to get them raw and unsalted. Brazil nuts are one of the most concentrated food sources of selenium, with about 80 micrograms per nut. Eating pistachios moderately promotes weight loss, as they have dietary fibers that provide stomach satiety and controls overeating, a major cause of obesity.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'goodhealthall_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',170,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-goodhealthall_com-medrectangle-4-0'); They are a wonderful snack and provide us with energy. Caffeine in coffee, tea, soda, and foods can also place a strain on your kidneys. Pumpkin Seeds: Lectins. Use the chart on the next page to choose nuts and seeds that will fit your kidney diet plan. However, there are some side effects of eating too many pistachios and in this article, we will know about them. Pistachios may reduce the risk of some cancers, such as colon cancer, due to their high fiber content. Nuts and seeds may have potassium and phosphorus, but at the same time, they have numerous vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to the body. Dont Miss: How To Know If You Have Bad Kidneys. What Not to Eat 1. You May Like: What Are The Two Functions Of Kidney. in oxalates. Some people eat three meals a day. Vitamin B6 plays a vital role in the body, particularly in relation to protein metabolism and cognitive development. Your doctor and/or dietician will help you to create a meal plan that helps you control your blood sugar level while limiting sodium, phosphorus, potassium and fluids in the body. These statements have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration. Some studies suggest that eating pistachios lowers the amount of fat and sugar (glycemic index) in your blood, as well as improves the flexibility and tone of your blood vessels., Although raw pistachios dont have much sodium (1 cup has about 1 milligram), thats not true for roasted pistachios, which are often salted. These findings suggest that pistachio treatment may attenuate renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Yes pistachios can be eaten raw roasted or cooked. Also look for nuts high in fiber (almonds, pistachios and pecans) and magnesium (Brazil nuts, cashews and almonds). Nuts can help suppress hunger because of their protein, fat, and fiber content. Contribute to our mission with a general, memorial, or honor donation. How To Tell If Kidney Infection Is Getting Worse, What Happens When Your Kidney Function Is 15, Can Kidney Stones Cause Constipation Or Diarrhea, How Old Can You Be And Still Donate A Kidney, What Percentage Of Kidney Function Requires Dialysis, Can Apple Cider Vinegar Hurt Your Kidneys. There are no known side effects of pistachios for kidney health. Kidney Stones. Most beans have 250 mg or more potassium in 1/2 cup, which is high. Nutrition counseling from a registered dietitian to help meet your medical or health goals is called medical nutrition therapy . How do you know which are good? If there isnt a crack, you can place the nuts on a cutting board, cover them with a towel, and hit them just hard enough so the shells open. One serving contains 3 grams of fiber and 2.6 grams of protein. Check with your doctor or dietitian to see how many pistachios you can safely eat each day. Many canned foods tend to be very high in salt or sugar and highly processed, too. Pistachios are a rich source of the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, which are essential for eye health. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1 ounce (oz), or approximately 49 kernels of unroasted, unsalted pistachios contain: Calories: 159Protein: 5.7 grams (g)Fat: 12.8 gCarbohydrates: 7.7 gFiber: 3.0 gSugars: 2.2 gMagnesium: 34.3 milligrams (mg)Potassium: 289.0 mgPhosphorus: 139 mgThiamin: 0.25 mgVitamin B6: 0.5 mg. A serving of pistachios provides about 37% of the recommended daily vitamin B6 intake or 1.3 mg for adults. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Keep your portion size to cup if you need to limit potassium . Shop /
What nuts are good for kidneys? Pistachios are also high in vitamin E and other antioxidants, which can help to provide some protection against certain forms of cancer. Eating too many pistachios may cause diarrhea as dietary fibers in pistachios may overstimulate the bowel muscles. Researchers found that a group of people with overweight or obesity who ate a serving of pistachios every day had a lower body mass index and waist circumference than those who did not eat pistachios. Pistachios are the seeds of the pistachio tree. Pistachios are high in fiber, which is good for your gut bacteria. Pistachios contribute to a persons daily protein needs, at almost 6 g of protein per 1 oz serving. Macadamia nuts Most nuts are high in phosphorus and not recommended for those . To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. This can help slow down consumption, allowing the person to realize when they are full and reducing the risk of eating too much.Learn more about the different types of fat here. Vitamin B6 . This causes problems with the way the heart works. Glass jars or shelf safe cartons dont have BPA. See if you might want to make some changes to your diet. Pistachios may help to protect the kidneys from damage and keep them healthy. Most food cans in the U.S. are lined with bisphenol A . Medicare pays for MNT for people with kidney disease with a written referral from your doctor. Work closely with your dietitian to develop a meal plan that includes foods and drinks you enjoy eating while maintaining your health. If you have diabetes along with kidney disease, you need to control your blood sugar to prevent more damage to your kidneys. According to the American Optometric Association, lutein and zeaxanthin reduce the chances of developing chronic eye conditions, such as cataracts. Pecans are a good source of plant fiber. Condiments, like ketchup, mustard, soy sauce, and salad dressings, Foods with seasoning packets and Helper foods, Processed meats, like bacon, hot dogs, and deli meats, Tomato and vegetable juices; spaghetti sauce. Learn More 2. Kidney disease is a common problem affecting about 10% of the worlds population . Many fruits, including melons, bananas, oranges, prunes, and tomatoes, are high in potassium. Research suggests it may protect against some forms of cancer, including liver. Eating many pistachios in a short time may give rise to side effects ranging from weight gain to kidney problems. Cashews nuts are rich in protein and other nutrients and can offer some useful health benefits. Pistachios are also a good source of protein; a serving contains about 6 grams. Those are the five that are the most kidney-friendly based on those metrics of being lower phosphorus lower to moderate protein if you want to you can reference that journal search online and youll see all the nuts and the breakdowns that they go to but and thats my review of that literature those are the five best nuts in my opinion because of all those metrics so start having a little bit of them in your diet to help your kidney health thanks for watching everybody like, subscribe, comment we got lots of videos on our channel about food and what you can do to help yourself, bye. By educating yourself and with the help of your healthcare team, there are many kidney-friendly, healthy and tasty snacks available. Can pistachios help to lower cholesterol? Nine health benefits of cashews include: Help maintain heart health: Cashew provides good fats and antioxidants that help manage blood pressure and cholesterol levels and keep the heart-healthy. Is the Tiger Nut Good for Kidney Patients? But. For example, too much calcium in urine is the most common risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stones. Hemp seeds contain only 1 gram of fiber in a tablespoon, but 10 grams of protein. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Potassium and phosphorus are still a concern for people with kidney disease, but they should work closely with their doctor or dietitian to determine their personal limits for these nutrients,. Learn more about colon cancer in males here. Changes may need to be made based on your blood test results. They reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases by preventing damage to the bodys cells. Scientists demonstrated this in 2017 research that showed that roasting the nuts did not affect their health benefits in relation to colon cancer cells. If kidney disease progresses to stages 3b-5, a low protein diet is ideal. 1. Go to the produce section where you can find kidney-friendly foods for a good snack option. Moreover, 1 cup of dried apricots provides around 1,510 milligrams of potassium. California, Arizona, and New Mexico make up all of Americas commercial pistachio production. May. An ounce of pistachios is about 49 nuts. This was in the Journal of Nutrition, March 2017 if you need to look that up or give that to your doctor. Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen that may increase the risk of cancers in humans. This type of fat can help lower low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or bad cholesterol and reduce the risk of stroke. When you have CKD, one way to feel better and protect your kidneys is to take a fresh look at what you eat. Yes, its safe and beneficial to eat pistachios at night as vitamin B6 and magnesium in pistachios promote quality sleep. Pistachios contain many essential nutrients. There's no need to avoid oxalates entirely, meaning you . However, eating too many pistachios may overstimulate the bowel and cause intestinal gas, intestinal blockage, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Higher phosphorus foods Lower phosphorus foods; Fast foods, convenience foods, restaurant meals and gas station foods: Homemade meals or snacks made from fresh ingredients or options without "phos" in the ingredients Sunflower Seeds: Lectins. (Stick with the cook and serve cereals instead of the higher sodium instant ones.) In conclusion, the side effects of consuming almonds mainly consist of allergic reactions, too much vitamin E, kidney stones, and . Pistachios are a fiber-rich food source, which means that they help to ease constipation rather than cause it. For others, one meal may blend into the next. Theyre available in most grocery stores, and you can buy them in bulk from pistachio growers. Dietary fibers in pistachios act as a natural laxative, improve bowel movement and relieve constipation and other digestive problems like abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and flatulence, etc. (n.d.). BUT if you are a vegetarian relying on nuts, lentils and beans for protein and you are at risk of kidney . 13 patients were examined. You can buy pistachios shelled or unshelled, roasted, or salted. About Us /
Long-term consumption of pistachios contaminated by aflatoxin may increase the risk of liver cancer and hepatitis B. Roasting pistachios may significantly reduce the risk of aflatoxin.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'goodhealthall_com-leader-2','ezslot_10',638,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-goodhealthall_com-leader-2-0'); Pistachios are at risk of being contaminated by Navel Orangeworm (Now), which appears in the pistachio seed or between the seed and shell. Add shallots, cook until lightly browned. Because caffeine is a stimulant, it can stimulate blood flow, increasing blood pressure and stress on the kidneys. A cup of dry roasted pistachios with salt has 526 milligrams of sodium. This is the weight your body should have without excess fluid. Usually it's good to get more spinach and nuts in your diet. , which appears in the pistachio seed or between the seed and shell. Even though these products are plant based, they are not as healthful as unprocessed plant proteins, like beans or lentils. Individuals who are allergic to tree nuts like almonds, walnuts, cashews, and hazelnuts are likely to be allergic to pistachios. Navel Orange Worm 7. People with kidney disease who have high levels of phosphorus may need to avoid or limit nuts but for the rest, nuts can be moderately enjoyed with kidney disease. A kidney-friendly diet will help protect your kidneys from further damage. It's not entirely clear why, but it's thought that the "good" fats in nuts both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lower bad cholesterol levels. These plant proteins are a wonderful heart and kidney friendly snack choice. But pistachios are high in calories and eating too many pistachios may. Check with your doctor or dietitian to see how many pistachios you can safely eat each day. They can also help to protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 8 Major Side Effects Of Eating Too Many Grapes. Eat pistachios in moderation to avoid the risk of manganese overload. Oxalates prevent your body from absorbing calcium and cause a calcium-buildup in your kidney instead. Heres our process. Also, sometimes pistachios are salted to enhance flavor and to promote overeating ( Sales !!). With low kidney function, water is not removed as efficiently from the blood and you end up with hypertension. For more information about what you should and shouldnt eat if youre dealing with chronic kidney disease, be sure to check out the Complete Guide to Renal Diet Plans & Cookbooks. Most people with CKD or a kidney transplant do not have to limit nuts and seeds due to potassium or phosphorus.
House Of Cards Frank And Zoe Love Scene,
Articles A