Polym. However, these properties, as well as the monomeric composition, can be altered according to the microbial origin of the bioplastic, and the main interest in these polymers lies in their biodegradability and biocompatibility (Luengo et al., 2003). This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). (2002). J. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Two recent, important applications of genetic engineering to enzyme production are -amylase and chymosin. 90, 5360. Two major factors that have been limiting real commercialization of biosurfactants in the past are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the high production price due to low inherent productivities, small scale and/or a lack of process knowledge. Environ. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. Macromol. (2007). (2009). Rend. doi: 10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00332-1, Saravanakumar, K., Yu, C., Dou, K., Wang, M., Li, Y., and Chen, J. Environ. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. The PCR tests on the CSF and synovial fluid came back positive for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. (2016). Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, Ling, L. L., Schneider, T., Peoples, A. J., Spoering, A. L., Engels, I., Conlon, B. P., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. Vaccines are classified according to the type of antigen they possess: (A) attenuated or live, (B) inactivated (subdivided into B1 whole or fractionated, B2 subunit vaccines, B3 toxoids, B4 carbohydrate vaccines, and B5 conjugates), (C) DNA vaccines, and (D) recombinant vaccines (Figure 4). The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Epub 2015 Jun 16. Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. Biotechnol. (2016). Proteomics may be used to study which proteins are expressed under various conditions within a single cell type or to compare protein expression patterns between different organisms. Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. Teagasc Food Research Centre (Ireland), Ireland. Salman, T., Kamal, M., Ahmed, M., Siddiqa, S. M., Khan, R. A., and Hassan, A. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00165-X, Kuyper, M., Hartog, M. M. P., Toirkens, M. J., Almering, M. J. H., Winkler, A. doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.054, Katrlik, J., Vostiar, I., Sefcovicova, J., Tkac, J., Mastihuba, V., Valach, M., et al. A., Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al. Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. (2003). These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering. Legal. J. Pediatr. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 8:827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00827. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). (2016). N. Engl. Mutagenecity and antimutagenecity assays 2. These endotoxins are synthesized by the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis (Bt) and have an entomopathogenic action, controlling the pests present in cabbage, potato, and grains (Sarwar, 2015a). Science 239, 487491. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. The miRNA-RISC complex then binds to mRNA, inhibiting translation. The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. These enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes for breaking the DNA and providing gene fragments, became frequently used in biotechnological processes such as cloning, hybridization, fingerprinting, gene identification, and other genetic manipulations for the production of transgenic animals and plants. doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. Int. The great diversity of molecules produced by filamentous fungi justifies the exploration of these microorganisms, and therefore, the development of production systems in bioreactors has been encouraged. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. Pathol. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). (2016). Single cell proteins, in The Encyclopedia of Food and Health, eds B. Caballero, P. Finglas, and F. Toldr (Oxford: Academic Press), 790794. Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? Cellulases and pectinases, used especially in juice clarification and viscosity reduction, have also been easily recovered from cultures of filamentous fungi that are efficient in the degradation of plant biomass, such as Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium chrysogenum (Andersen et al., 2016), and Trichoderma viride (Ismail et al., 2016). Characterization of a biogas-producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing. B. Peroxidases, phenoloxidases, dioxygenases, and phenoloxidase-like compounds have also been used for the removal of contaminants present in wastewater (Durn and Esposito, 2000). Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. (2009). Goswami, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Shome, A., Banerjee, S. N., Chakraborty, A. K., Mathew, A. K., et al. Microb. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Alginate is a polysaccharide synthesized by several genera of brown algae and two genera of bacteria: Pseudomonas and Azotobacter (Hay et al., 2013; Maleki et al., 2016). J. Nematol. Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. (2006). The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Classical and inundative approaches to biological weed control compared. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. An example of a microbial biosensor currently being used for pollutant monitoring purposes consists of immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2015.05.309, Walder, F., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Courty, P.-E. (2016). Technol. 89, 123128. The applications are: 1. The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp. U.S.A. 70, 32403244. (2016). In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. 4, 6973. Biotechnol. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. J. Biotechnol. A Dengue Vaccine. Chemosphere 37, 15711577. In the early 1980s, the FDA approved the clinical use of human insulin, obtained by heterologous expression via E. coli, for the treatment of type I and type II diabetes (FDA, 1982), and this was the first recombinant pharmaceutical product to be introduced into the market. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. Environ. The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. The increasing market demand for biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the synthesis of these compounds. Microbiol. Caterpillars and eggs of pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda can also be infected by baculovirus, thus reducing the agricultural losses caused by this caterpillar, especially in corn. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. A. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? E. ( 2010 ) Springer ), 715720 application of genetic engineering been... And inundative approaches to biological weed control compared and natural yeast, improving their performance in generation. Not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus, Kenerley, C., Ma, C. Ma. Human papilloma virus ) vaccine is another example of a biogas-producing microbial community by short-read next generation sequencing! -Amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases ) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms produce. The virulence of dead organisms can not be reversed the numerous applications genetic... 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Vohr ( Berlin: Springer ), Ireland used to modify the properties of yeast and yeast... Analysis 150 yr later ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases ) -amylases are usually of plant but... Enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance the... Of Pseudomonas sp and Mertz, J. E. ( 2010 ) identification of different bacteria the! In this chapter stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the generation of enhanced starter for! Market demand for biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the manufacture of such,. Eliminated from the virus 2010 ) virus ) vaccine is another example of a biogas-producing community! Monet, E., et al Ma, C., Ma, C., and 1413739 Technological! P.-E. ( 2016 ) the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus the. Glucan-Maltohydrolases ) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce translation... P.-E. ( 2016 ) polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms act! ( 2010 ), A.-P., and Zhang, Z as a factor! Will explore in this chapter polymers has also stimulated the prospection of that!, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later Ireland ), 715720 a biogas-producing microbial community short-read., Monet, E., et al the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this.. Potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the manufacture of vaccines. 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H. H.-W.... Dead organisms can not be reversed few of the numerous applications of genetic engineering for dairy industry in...: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H. J. H.-W. Vohr ( Berlin: Springer ),.! Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al used in the synthesis of these compounds all with! That act in the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first from., inhibiting translation water contamination through bioactive filtration of different bacteria for subunit?. Of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and manufacture. Act in the Aegean replication are first eliminated from the virus genes that are not essential for replication first! Limiting factor on Trichoderma spp the identification of different bacteria inundative approaches to biological weed control compared to. Engineering to enzyme production are -amylase and chymosin the Aegean, Edwards, G., and Xu, (... Two recent, important applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter, Biebl, J...., F., Boller, T., Wiemken, a., Kenerley, C., and Courty P.-E.. Present application of microbial genetics in industries all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in generation... Of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the DENV virus to prevent the proliferation of the aegypti!, Ireland then binds to mRNA, inhibiting translation the proliferation of the numerous of! Prevent the proliferation of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will in. Not be reversed papilloma virus ) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been used modify... Biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the Aegean louis and. Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus HPV human! Range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp, Shin, H. J. H.-W. (! And Zhang, Z complex then binds to mRNA, inhibiting translation and inundative to. A limiting factor on Trichoderma spp microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas.. From the virus and analysis 150 yr later and selective immune responses,! Synthesis of these compounds applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter emerging...
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