Descendants lived in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky . /* Leaderboard (728 x 90) horizontal 001 */ My Obadiah is the youngest son of James and Elizabeth (Crawford) Martin. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Martin surname lived. 0.9% are Asian Alone (Non-Hispanic Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone) John Holmes Martin (Darke County, Ohio) CHAPTER I. Search the death registers for all known family members. LindsleyD. Martin (1796) He married Jemima Martin (see second Martin Family history . James Martin (Randolph County, Arkansas) These and other malpractices having been thus denounced, the Council turned once more to the social life of the town, and it was now the turn of the female portion of the community to receive reproof and admonition. Other researchers identify Stephen as the brother Read More Stephen Martin of colonial Albemarle County, VA is James brother, not his son, I have been researching my familys genealogy for about 17+ years now. That no young man, prentiz or otherwise, shall weare no gorgious apparel, ne silks, either within or without ther garments, ne yet fyne knit stockins either of silke or other costlie wise, weare no costlie long riffs thick and started, but be content with single riffs, and that also they shall weare no pantwofles dainty and embroidered footgear but be content with showse., The younger generation having been thus suitably admonished, the Council next turned their attention to the shopkeepers and working men. Samuel Martin (Greene County, Illinois) Elijah Martin (Brown County, Ohio) Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. He was the was son of Captain Joseph Martin, Sr. and Susannah Chiles. However, Clan Martin is not beholding to any chief and is its own Clan. John Martin (Allegheny County, Pennsylvania) This was the ancient Irish method of ridding the corn of its outer husk, in preference to threshing it. two marks and one mark respectively. NELSON COUNTY VIRGINIA MARTIN . Martin Genealogy & History. We mean, added the Council in explanation, ther singing songs, songe to the praise of men, both dead and also alive, and not to God everlyvinge.. These pages will document and share over 1000 years of Martin family genealogy. Sponsored. Genetic genealogy creates family history profiles (biological relationships between or among individuals) by using DNA test results in combination with traditional genealogical methods. James M. Martin (Marshall County, Tennessee) Inasmuch, however, as such indentures are carefully recorded upon the statute-book of Galway, where no mention whatever occurs of the innumerable apprenticeships that must have been entered into by the sons of the Anglo-Norman settlers, we may infer that such cases were rare, and were only permitted under peculiar conditions. James A. Martin (Lawrence County, Arkansas) Jessie Martin (1786, married Cecelia Ried and Annie Armstead) Simeon S. Martin (Lewis County, Missouri) Home; Trees; . Robert T. Martin (Woodruff County, Arkansas) Origins: Spanish, German, Swedish, English, French, Italian, and Irish. Constance martin family history. Research genealogy for Eugene Martin, as well as other members of the Martin family, on Ancestry. I need help Appa Martin 23 Jan 2023. Thomas T. Martin (Maury County, Tennessee) Our Martin family began with my 28th Great Grandfather in France with the birth of Martin De Tours in 1003 AD. John Calvin Martin, (1803, married Sofiah Rucker), //-->. W. P. Martin (Miami County, Ohio) In the 1600's, some immigrated to Virginia. William A. Martin (Webster County, Missouri) James H. Martin (Brown County, Ohio) From the very earliest times of which there is record fourteen families from amongst the English colonists those of Athy, Blake, Bodkin, Browne, D'Arcy, Deane, Faunt, French, Joyce, Kirwan, Lynch, Martin, Morris, and Skerrett attained a supremacy over the rest and formed a close oligarchy . The council wax absolutely incoherent in their wrath when denouncing the practices of the Shylocks of those days, who, we learn incidentally, were accustomed to take their exactions in kind. Please join us in collaborating on MARTIN family trees. The average life expectancy for Martin in 1940 was 41, and 74 in 2004. The last regulation framed with Sir John Perrots assistance concerned the burial of the dead and the funeral customs of the Irish. Darity, Marilyn Martin January 30, 1950 - January 31, 2023. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Martin research. Six months ago my husband verified Read More The Martins are a First Family of Tennessee! Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Mull, Martin; Rucker, Allen HISTORY OF WHITE PEOPLE IN AMERICA 1st Edition 1st at the best online prices at eBay! Father John W Phillips. Free-Space Genealogy pages: Lowder Family Mysteries Beardstown, IL area managed by Lisa Gyure. George Martin (Born 1780 Died 1867) married Julia O'Leary. Interesting because the results are so, well, homogeneous. William G. Martin (Chautauqua County, New York) Home; . James M. Martin (McDonald County, Missouri) If any were found playing cards, dice, tables, or other unlawful games for money, and more especially if such persons happened to be either apprentices or Irishmen, they were to forfeit the money they were playing for, and whoever had permitted the gambling to take place upon their premises was to be mulcted of twenty shillings. All users please advise Webmaster of any old links. Rufus J. Martin (Woodruff County, Arkansas) Excerpt from Genealogy of the Martin Family It is believed that these records contain much informa tion, written by members of the Martin Family, which is worth preserving; much that is valuable now, and which will become more so as time passes away, and the names and his tories of those now living, as well as those gone before, shall have been forgotten. |, by Harper1775 on 2021-01-24 17:43:41. page views: 600, comments: 4, by Mach1 on 2012-07-01 15:25:31. page views: 1682, comments: 2, by Questions on 2021-11-09 22:05:19. page views: 374, comments: 0, by ngairedith on 2011-01-12 09:21:05. page views: 7854, comments: 7, by janilye on 2011-11-18 09:23:56. page views: 3217, comments: 10, by marty23554 on 2021-07-18 01:02:14. page views: 375, comments: 0, by itellya on 2011-07-24 07:14:46. page views: 10116, comments: 26, by louisianagenealogyblogs on 2008-09-07 07:55:08. page views: 34009, comments: 33, by tonkin on 2020-11-30 00:52:41. page views: 799, comments: 0, by tonkin on 2012-07-09 00:05:54. page views: 2985, comments: 2, by tonkin on 2020-09-17 23:53:39. page views: 806, comments: 0, by sunnyspell on 2014-08-09 12:33:27. page views: 1834, comments: 1, by tonkin on 2020-07-09 06:54:04. page views: 940, comments: 0, by tonkin on 2020-07-05 23:03:38. page views: 894, comments: 0, by itellya on 2020-04-30 07:30:14. page views: 1006, comments: 2, by Prussian on 2020-05-03 14:28:19. page views: 671, comments: 0, by ngairedith on 2018-01-29 00:42:58. page views: 4048, comments: 5, by tonkin on 2011-08-30 01:19:17. page views: 3080, comments: 1, by BlacknallS on 2019-12-11 18:29:47. page views: 530, comments: 0, by tonkin on 2013-05-02 04:27:20. page views: 4574, comments: 2, First Mennonite Martin families of Pennsylvania, MARTIN Genealogy Project Database at Rootsweb, Over 20,000 search results for MARTIN at TribalPages, Over 237,000 search results for MARTIN at GenCircles, Over 285,000 search results for MARTIN at GeneaNet, MARTIN / MARTAIN / MARTINE Surname DNA Project, Over 4,400 search results for MARTIN in the Debt of Honour List - Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Linkpendium MARTIN surname, web sites, obituaries, biographies, and other material, genealogy and family History, Over 480 search results for MARTIN at AncientFaces - Family Treasures - photos, stories, recipes, Over 110 photos for MARTIN at DeadFred.com - Genealogy Photo Archive, FamilySearch - The largest collection of free family history, family tree and genealogy records in the world, Answers.com ? To a later age they became known as the Tribes of Galway. 74.8% are White Alone (Non-Hispanic) Martin Surname Y-DNA Project - Y-DNA Classic Chart . On a recent trip exploring East Tennessee, I found a land deed for Obediah Martin of Orange County, North Carolina where he purchased 1610 acres in Powell Valley on Powell River, on May 10, 1796. Alternate spellings: MARTIN, DEMARTIN, DESAINTMARTIN, MARTEN, MATIN, MATTIN, MARTYN, MARTAIN, MARTINE, and others. If, however, any honest mans wife had received an invitation to a banquet she might bring in her train one friend, who apparently had not been similarly honoured, but no more, otherwise she too must pay a crown. He moved his family from Bossier Parish, Louisiana to Fisher County, Texas in 1886. 0.98% are American Indian (Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native Alone) Butter sellers were more stringently dealt with. This section makes it possible to view all the biographies currently available for the Martin family surname. Biography ID: 192894808. Such were those which commanded every householder to clean the street in front of his house once a week, and forbade his placing his manure-heap there. TheCherokeewere indigenous people who lived in the southern Appalachian mountains. There are 530,000 immigration records available for the last name Martin. Marie Anglique (Martin) Martin dite Versaille, Marie Catherine (Martin) Martin dite Versaille, Antoine Gabriel Gabriel (Martin) Martin dit Versaille, Eleanor Mary Bromley (Martin) Holland-Martin. Thomas Martin (Giles County, Tennessee) Several years ago my family took my Dad on a road trip to Arkansas to visit the old Martin homestead. We spent time visiting family in Springdale and fishing on the Bull Shoals Lake, then we took a drive to Martins Springs near Norfork. There are 702625 MARTIN records listed in the 2010 US Census, and it is the Number 20 ranked name. WikiTree is a community of genealogists growing an increasingly-accurate collaborative family tree that's 100% free for everyone forever. . William C. Martin (Dent County, Missouri) Thomas W. Martin (1787, married Nancy Carr), Common terms and phrases. Rev. New York had the highest population of Martin families in 1840. The officials of Galway did indeed take good heed both of their own interests and their own dignity. All Rights Reserved. In North America the surname Martin has absorbed cognates and derivatives from other languages e.g. The will is written on September 25, 1771 and presented in court on March Read More James Martins will 1775, Last year my father took a DNA test from DNAtribes. Several years ago I contacted the county clerk of Amherst County, Virginia and asked for a copy of original will of James Martin. 15% of Martin men worked as a Laborer and 6% of Martin women worked as a Housewife. MARTIN Ancestor from the Americas (?) This was borne by a famous 4th-century Christian saint Martin of Tours and consequently became extremely popular throughout Europe in the Middle Ages. (Molln) Martin, 1864-1969; Parish church: Parish registers begin: Nonconformists include: See Stamford Lincolnshire Family History Guide England, Lincolnshire, Stamford - Buildings, dwellings, etc. ADDITIONAL SURNAMES LIST FOR "MEMBERS OF THE 1ST A.I.F. *We display top occupations by gender to maintain their historical accuracy during times when men and women often performed different jobs. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. In 1777 the western part becameHenry County. W. H. Martin (Greene County, Arkansas) William Martin (Chautauqua County, New York) James Martin (Allegheny County, Pennsylvania) You can estimate the ages of the parents and determine a birth year to search for their birth records. Otherwise a shortened form of Gilmartin or McMartin ; sometimes also spelled Martyn. You can see how Martin families moved over time by selecting different census years. W. C. Martin (Page County, Iowa) Ezekiel Martin (Brown County, Ohio) A very valuable possession, no doubt, was the ownership in chief of the mills that turned in the rapid river sweeping past the walls of Galway, as is evidenced by another Thomas Martin, two hundred years later, a descendant, no doubt, of the former one of that name, being willing to have the site of the mills regranted to him on condition of his building a gate and fortification at the western end of the great bridge across the river. In 1840 there were 909 Martin families living in New York. For genealogy within the most recent fifteen generations, STR markers help define paternal lineages. Obadiah Martin has been an elusive relative that has intrigued me from the beginning. Jesse Martin (Sebastian County, Arkansas) Henry Martin (Montgomery County, Pennsylvania) A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. By their decision William Martin was granted a reduction of three and four pence yearly in the rent of a tenement that he held from the town, in return for which he undertook to hold the town and commons of Galway quiet and clear for ever as regarded both saut and slaughter. He was a blacksmith also. Many Martin researchers list the place of birth for James He died while Martin Van Buren was a New York state senator. Clarence H. Martin (Shawnee County, Kansas) James W. Martin (Washington County, Missouri) This is a dream of mine, a bucket list of mine.. E-mail- Zandzsmommy2@, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). After six years in Texas, Robert and his wife Indiana returned to Louisiana. Alexander Martin, (1799, married Elizabeth Carr), Nancy J. Martin, October 23, 1823 - November 21, 1893. A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. Newton Martin (Greene County, Illinois) This title comprehended not only the wife of the mayor, but also the wives of the mayors peers, as the twelve colleagues who composed his council were termed, who all therefore remained free to tire their heads as they pleased. Colorized Chart Members' STR results with colorized differences. That the young English tailours and ther boys be varagraunts, ran the first of these pronouncements, the most in the town using all unlawful pleis and lacivious expenses both by day and by night. John H. Martin (Lawrence County, Arkansas) John J. Martin (Rutherford County, Tennessee) Other surnames mentioned within a biography are not included in these lists of surnames. Thomas L. Martin (Cross County, Arkansas) on the Internet. Can I start my family history research by typing a name in the search box? He was the was son of Captain Joseph Martin, Sr. and Susannah Chiles. 2 v. 23 cm Thus it was granted to Richard Begge upon condition of his keeping an inn for the entertainment of strangers, and to Donell ONolan, a goldsmith of the town, at the request of his father-in-law, himself a freeman, who was old and impotent, and whom the said Donell undertook to maintain. G. W. Martin (Carroll County, Arkansas) 2010 US Census data for MARTIN. Slovak and Rusyn (from Slovakia) Marcin Albanian Martini Polish surnames beginning with Marcin- and Slovenian patronymics like Martini (see Martincic ). Surnames sharing the GenesReunited NameX Code: MARTIN, MARTINDALE, MARTIC, MARTAN, MARTIG, MARTINACHE, MARTIES, MARTIA, MARETIS, MARETTI, MARTINDALL. Home > Forum > Surnames > Martin. European and indiginous American fought fierce battles as the Europeans expanded their territory. William J. Martin (Cumberland County, Pennsylvania) Wm. Explore the world's largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. 1999-2019 FamilyTreeCircles.com. google_ad_client = "ca-pub-8605866654733057"; Morgan W. Martin (Calloway County, Kentucky) Skip Ancestry navigation Main Menu. I am trying to find additional information on Marshall Martin who married Adeline Gardner on 27 Dec 1904 in St. Landry Parish Louisiana. James Franklin Martin (Hickman County, Tennessee) Thomas T. Martin (Lehigh County, Pennsylvania) Y-DNA STR markers change (mutate) often enough that most men who share the same STR results also share a recent paternal lineage. Explore Martin genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Charles A. Martin (Page County, Iowa) In 1840 there were 909 Martin families living in New York. The younger Obadiah is the son of older Obadiahs brother David and the two are often confused. All their fatherly solicitude notwithstanding, the ordinances of the city council do not seem to have produced as good an effect as they desired, for when in 1584 Sir John Perrot, Lord-Deputy, the most able and most popular of Elizabeths lieutenants, visited Galway, that body took counsel with him concerning the many disorderly practices prevailing in the town, and under his advice framed a new series of by-laws, or rather of fulminations which censured most classes of the inhabitants. The heads of the De Burgo clan had long previously shaken off their allegiance to the English Crown, and taken the Irish titles of Mac William Eighter and Mac William Oughter meaning the Upper and the Lower, from the position of their territories in Galway and Mayo from whom the Earls of Clanricard and Mayo respectively descend. The law expounded by Irish lawyers, and which did not agree with either kings or emperors, would have been the Brehon law, for English laws were only in force within the Pale, and in the cities of Galway, Waterford, and one or two others. In 1776, the Cherokee planned to drive settlers out of the Washington District. Stamford St Mary is an Ancient Parish in the county of Lincolnshire. The candlemakers were in even more parlous condition: they sold neither light nor sight, neither good tallow nor good thread, nor any good stuff at all for candles. /* Wide Skyscraper 160x600 */ Y-DNA. In 1824, he accompanied his owner Wyly Martin with 100 head of cattle to settle Wyly's new land grant in Stephen F. Austin's colony. J. W. Martin (Bradley County, Arkansas) Brice Martin (1770, married Matilda Perkins), With even-handed justice it was decreed that he to whom was given and he who gave should each lose a crown. THE TRIBES OF GALWAY. Another decree which throws a vivid light upon the conditions at that time prevailing, ordained that if any inhabitant of Galway in revenge for any discord, variaunce, hattred, or ingerous i.e., injurious, wordes or language spokin, movid or moshioned betwixte anny brother or neighboure of Galway, should cause that neighbour and brother to be captured by any outlandish man or enemy of the inhabitants whereby the surrounding Irish were meant the individual at whose instigation the seizure had taken place, if it could be proved against him, should ramsion and restore the captive, and make good to him all loss and damage that he had sustained, whilst the rest of that evilly disposed persons goods were to be forfeited to the prince and the officers for the time being. Join over 170,000 others who are connecting with their cousins and common researchers! Jefferson G. Martin (Franklin County, Missouri) February 23, 2019. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. $59.95 + $6.95 shipping. All contents of this website are copyright 2012-2021. 1st Generation. This surname has been shortened over the centuries to simply 'Martin'. The baunlac or handle was an Irish measure of two feet in length, but whether these very varying prices were for different widths or qualities of cloth is not stated. The Martin family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. That all the meate that is thoughte to be either sodde or roasted by the bowcherous cooks of this towne is not worth the eatinge, and therefore is not suffrable, which also hath nede of reformation, so as all to be cleane and retayiled by penny, halfpenny, farthing, and weare all ther cleane aprons, and that ther be no horns suffered wher the meate is adressing.. For the veterans among your Martin ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. From the very earliest times of which there is record fourteen families from amongst the English colonists those of Athy, Blake, Bodkin, Browne, DArcy, Deane, Faunt, French, Joyce, Kirwan, Lynch, Martin, Morris, and Skerrett attained a supremacy over the rest and formed a close oligarchy by which the town and its affairs were ruled. Carpenters and masons were not to have more than two pence a-day for their hire with meat and drink. Martin Van Buren was born in the village of Kinderhook, New York. He served in the Old French & Indian War in the 1761 campaign 4. FAMILY CONNECTIONS. He became a major in 1779 and lieutenant colonel in 1781. David M. Martin (Cumberland County, Pennsylvania) [ citation needed] She married Thomas Henry Martin in 1937 in Victoria, Australia. google_ad_height = 600; Robert Martin (1814-1899) was my great-great grandfather. New member introducing myself 25 Jan 2023. Irven Martin Irvin. That year he returned to Powell's Valley and built Martin's Station. Family History Postcard . web pages An American Family History is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, 4d. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. 1738) die in 1766 or 1812? We encourage you to research and examine these records to determine . J. The confusion of New South Wales country or plantation? John Foster Martin (Darke County, Ohio) The old records of Galway prove conclusively that from the days when the De Burgos still held sway and nominated the seneschals or portreeves to whom they delegated their authority, down to the ruthless suppression of the old Galway Corporation by Cromwells soldiers four hundred years later, the mayors and the twelve masters, or mayors peers, who composed the council, and who had mostly already filled the civic chair, the sheriffs and the representatives returned to the Irish Parliament, practically one and all bore tribal names. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Thus it is affirmed of the Martins, with whom these pages are in large part concerned, that they descend from Sir Oliver Martyn, who held high command in Richard I.s army, and having clung loyally to that monarch when evil fate befel him, was imprisoned with his royal master and died in the Austrian dungeon ere yet Blondel had come singing his rondels beneath its window a story curiously confirmed by the finding of recent years, within one of the ancient fortress monasteries of Bohemia, of a manuscript wherein the name of the solitary attendant who accompanied Richard, when he endeavoured after his shipwreck to make his way in disguise across Europe, is given as Martin. Martin family in Old Colony Ancestors. There are already over 5,000 users and over 5,000 genealogy profiles with the Martin surname on Geni. John J. Martin (Lawrence County, Missouri) William L. Martin (Barry County, Missouri) James & Elizabeth (Crawford) Martin had eight children, six boys and two girls as mentioned in James will (1771) and land deed documents. Top Five Genealogy Databases to Search for Martin. Every cooper was to give two tunhoops and three hoops for hogsheads or barrels for a penny. In 1776, following a Cherokee attack on the Fort Watauga settlement. That the new statute made by the goldsmiths is commendable, so as they shall observe the same and mend their former faults.. McClure Collection allen_county; americana Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive Contributor Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center Language English. Martin Family Genealogy Form, Update your Family History Today! Edmund Martin (Brown County, Ohio) B. Martin (Cherokee County, Kansas) B. Martin (Wilson County, Tennessee) Classic Chart Members' STR results and subgroups. Alexander B. Martin (Brown County, Ohio) Genealogy Of The Martin Family Charles William Francis, Alice Brewer Shedd No preview available - 2021. In 1777, he was a member of the North Carolina constitutional convention and commanded troops at the Treaty of Long Island. 8d. Adams Alice Aunt born April born Aug born Dec born Feb born Jan born July born June born March born Nov born Oct born Sept Brewer brother Buried at Posey cabin called Chicago Child Children church City Coun daughter . Another by-law declared that the mayor and bailiffs and the warden of St Nicholas, the highest ecclesiastic dignitary within the town, should be served first with fish and flesh both at the market and at the shambles, and that after that it should be first come first served. The senior King was inspired during a trip to Germany for that year's . Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. My father, who I wont name here since he is still healthy and kicking around at 88 years old and prefers to remain unknown to the world wide web, has some interesting results. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. SallieMartin (1794, married Samuel Armstead), Elizabeth Martin Waller (1768, married Carr Waller), The seamen and fishermen were peremptorily forbidden to take in hand plough, spade, or harrow, lest they should be tempted to forsake their proper calling, to serve themselves and the common wealth with fyshe. In compensation therefor it was, however, ordained that they, their wives and families, were to be served with all necessary sustenance and provisions that might come into the market before all others, to enable them the better to earn their living, and that they might have the better hope., No working men were to wander or wag idly about the streets during working hours; if any special reason took them abroad, they must carry some tool or other token of their craft in their hand. Death 22 June 1971 - Johnson City, Washington, Tennessee, USA. Joseph died at Belmont in Henry County, Virginia, in 1808. Nancy was the wife of Jeremiah John Martin. Isaac J. Martin (Cedar County, Missouri) SNPs Member haplogroups and SNP test results. We need the help of good genealogists to grow a completely free shared family tree to connect us all. William G. Martin (Maury County, Tennessee) Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember David Stanley Campbell. The inscription upon a stone inserted in a wall in Galway still records this fact, and the grant also bestowed the right of spearing salmon from the buttresses of the bridge, a right exercised almost within living memory by representatives of the family. and 13s. There are 4 million census records available for the last name Martin. Isaac N. Martin (Franklin County, Tennessee) That no victillinge-house seller or shoppe, where any victaille, wyne or acquavita is, be not in any honest sort keapte cleane, wherin ther is neither sittinge-place, clothe, dish, nor any other service, which have great nede of reformation. A Martin may associate himself today with any clan that bears his name as a Sept or minor family. They were held after a member of the public. Joseph Martin, Jr. was born about 1740 in Albemarle County, Virginia. This section makes it possible to view all the biographies currently available for the Martin family surname. John Martin (Berrien County, Michigan) Charles D. Martin (Miller County, Missouri) By using genealogical DNA testing, genetic genealogy can determine the levels and types of biological . William T. Martin (Ouachita County, Arkansas) Henry C. Martin (Jasper County, Missouri) Read online or download PDF Genealogy Of The Martin Family .This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. . James A. Martin (Pulaski County, Arkansas)